Table-1: Summary of HIV resistance mutations found in children failing first line-HAART in developing countrieskellyjkellyj302009-11-11T00:05:00Z2009-11-11T00:06:00Z17044019339471411.0000

Table-1: Summary of HIV resistance mutations found in children failing first line-HAART in developing countriesAuthorCountrynSubtypeFirst lineLength of ARTRT mutationsPR mutationsTebit et al.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5UZWJpdDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1llYXI+PFJl Y051bT4xMDE8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjEwMTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9y ZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9Inp3MjBwc2R3eWZ2d3hpZWRycHR2MGF4M2Ey MmYyd2ZwMDV0cyI+MTAxPC9rZXk+PC9mb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PHJlZi10eXBlIG5hbWU9IkpvdXJu YWwgQXJ0aWNsZSI+MTc8L3JlZi10eXBlPjxjb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGhvcnM+PGF1dGhvcj5U ZWJpdCwgRC4gTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNhbmdhcmUsIEwuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5N YWthbXRzZSwgQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPllhbWVvZ28sIFMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5T b21sYXJlLCBILjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QmFkbywgRy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPktvdWxk aWF0eSwgQi4gRy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNhdGhpYW5kZWUsIEsuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhv cj5UaWJhLCBGLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U2Fub3UsIEkuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5PdWVk 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Burkina Faso

75 [median age=33 y (range 9-61)CRF06_cpx (48%) and CRF02-AG (40%)AZT/d4T + 3TC + EFV (68%) 48 months (random selection of patients on treatment failure)M184V (57.3%), M41L (37.3%), D67N (34.6%), K70R (14.6%), L210W (34.6%) T215F/Y (48%), K103N (44%), Y181C/I (16%), Y188C/L (10.6%) M46I (37%), I54V (26%), V82A/T/F (30%), I84V (18.6%), L90M (18.6%)Gody et al.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Hb2R5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwODwvWWVhcj48UmVj TnVtPjEwMDwvUmVjTnVtPjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTAwPC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3Jl aWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBhcHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0iencyMHBzZHd5ZnZ3eGllZHJwdHYwYXgzYTIy ZjJ3ZnAwNXRzIj4xMDA8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5h bCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkdv ZHksIEouIEMuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DaGFycGVudGllciwgQy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9y Pk1iaXRpa29uLCBPLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+U2ktTW9oYW1lZCwgQS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0 aG9yPkxlR29mZiwgSi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkdyZXNlbmd1ZXQsIEcuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1 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Central African Republic

52 (median age= 7.9y (range 1-16y)CRF11_cpx (38%), CRF01_AE (15%), subtype A1 (12%), CRF02_AG (12%), 3TC + d4T + NVP (65%)*10 children received IND6 monthsM184V (69%), Y181C (64%)* M46I (10%), V82F (10%), L90M (10%)Janssens et al. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Janssens</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>95</RecNum><record><rec-number>95</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="zw20psdwyfvwxiedrptv0ax3a22f2wfp05ts">95</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Janssens, B.</author><author>Raleigh, B.</author><author>Soeung, S.</author><author>Akao, K.</author><author>Te, V.</author><author>Gupta, J.</author><author>Vun, M. C.</author><author>Ford, N.</author><author>Nouhin, J.</author><author>Nerrienet, E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Medecins Sans Frontieres, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. b.janssens@bigfoot.com</auth-address><titles><title>Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive children: evaluation at 12 months in a routine program in Cambodia</title><secondary-title>Pediatrics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pediatrics</full-title></periodical><pages>e1134-40</pages><volume>120</volume><number>5</number><edition>2007/10/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/*methods</keyword><keyword>Cambodia/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Child</keyword><keyword>Child, Preschool</keyword><keyword>Cross-Sectional Studies</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>HIV Infections/blood/drug therapy/immunology</keyword><keyword>HIV Seropositivity/blood/*drug therapy/immunology</keyword><keyword>HIV-1/*immunology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Viral Load/methods</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Nov</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1098-4275 (Electronic)</isbn><accession-num>17954553</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17954553</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>peds.2006-3503 [pii]10.1542/peds.2006-3503</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]

Cambodia

37 out of 212 (mean age 6y IQR= 4.2-7.9)3TC + d4T + NVP (69%) d4T + 3TC + EFV (19%) AZT + 3TC + NVP (12%)16.8 months (IQR= 13.9 -21.2)M184V (72.2%), D67N 19.4%), T215Y/F (19.4%), T69D (11.1%), L210W (11.1%)Pillay et al. 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South Africa

39 children [median age 6y, range 4m-16y] and 26 adultsHIV-1 subtype C3TC (38%), d4T (65%), ddI (49%), and AZT (31%), EFV (28%) RTV (26%), NFV (10%)2 year (random selection of patients on treatment failure)M184V/I (37%), D67N (32%), T215Y/F (25%), K70R (21%), M41L (20%), K219Q/E (14%), K65R (14%), K103N (25%), V106M (20%), G109A (17%)V82A/T (12%), M46I (11%), L90M (8%) D30N (3%), V32I (1%)Chiax et al. 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Côte d’Ivoire

38 children [median age= 6.35 y (range 1.2 -15y)]CRF02-AG (95%)AZT/d4T/3TC/ddI + NFV* (70.5%) or EFV (29.5%)10.2 monthsM184V (42%), K103N (16%)*90M, 46L, 88S, 54V (38% of children with exposure to NFV)Puthanakit et al. 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Thailand

14 out of 107 (mean age= 7.7y (range, 2.1-13.8)3TC + d4T + NVP (13 children) / EFV (1 child)18 monthsM184V (100%) K103N (21.4%) Y181C (35.7%) T215F (21.4%) Q151M (14.3%)Kamya et al. 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Uganda

57 out of 250 (mean age 9.2, SD:4.5) [8 samples for genotypic resistance test]3TC + d4T + NVP (26%) / EFV (5.6%) or ZDV + 3TC + NVP (13%) / EFV (55%)12 monthsK103N (62.5%), M184V (100%), T215Y (25%)(ART: Antiretroviral Treatment; RT: Reverse- Transcriptase; PR: Protease; AZT: Zidovudine, d4T: Estavudine; 3TC: Lamivudine; EFV: Efavirenz; NVP: Nevirapine; RTV: Ritonavir; NFV: Nelfinavir)